02 julho 2009

A política das quadrilhas


Eugênio Bucci


Em toda parte, nos jornais, nos restaurantes, nas conversas de família, os escândalos no Legislativo suscitam protestos inflamados. É natural. Sem a capacidade de se indignar, o humano não existe. Mais que natural, é positivo que os cidadãos manifestem repúdio, revolta ou mesmo - a palavra é forte, mas é precisa - asco. A ira da sociedade é um bom combustível para a remoção de corruptos. Só isso, contudo, não basta. A gritaria revestida de sanha justiceira até ajuda, mas não explica nem resolve as coisas. Um pouco de razão serena é essencial.

Isso não significa que nos devamos refugiar nas atitudes fáceis dos que dizem que tudo é culpa "do sistema", que se não mudarmos a legislação eleitoral ou o que quer que seja nada se vai transformar de fato. Essas teorias que isentam os indivíduos de qualquer responsabilidade beiram o cinismo e, no limite, vêm para abençoar a burla - desde que dissimulada - das regras democráticas e a apropriação privada - desde que às escondidas - dos recursos públicos. Isso também não significa que qualquer concessão moral possa ser feita em nome da "governabilidade", nem significa que serão perdoados os crimes cometidos em favor do partido que, lá na frente, vai redimir a sociedade de suas misérias. Isso significa, apenas, que, só na base do moralismo, na acusação desse ou daquele corrupto, não se pode compreender a terrível crise de valores éticos que se abateu sobre a política brasileira.

A crise não se explica, somente, pela falta de caráter de fulano ou beltrano. Esse desastre não deve ser debitado às escolhas de dois ou três indivíduos. Ela decorre, também, de costumes que amparam e, por vezes, estimulam essas escolhas. Ela passa pelas características de um Estado - como foi apontado direta ou indiretamente por muitos - que não nasceu como obra da sociedade, mas como seu contrário, isto é, em muitas regiões brasileiras o Estado "caiu do céu" ou veio da metrópole para atuar como "fundador" da sociedade civil ou, pior ainda, para abastecer, com poder legal e com dinheiro estatal, os chefes locais, cujo mando sempre se baseou na força bruta, nas leis da selva, em estruturas sociais primitivas, anteriores, portanto, a uma noção de esfera pública. Aos olhos desses senhores, titulares do mandonismo local, a política não é uma extensão do exercício da cidadania, mas uma forma superior de articulação dos interesses privados que dão o bote sobre a coisa pública. Política, para eles, é isso, mais ou menos como organizar uma caçada: a gente vai lá, encontra as nossas presas, atira nelas, mata quantas conseguir matar e depois traz tudo para casa. Eles olham para o Estado como os extrativistas do século 16 olhavam para o pau-brasil: aquilo está lá à espera dos nossos machados e da nossa ambição. A política, para eles, é, sim, uma disputa: a disputa para ver quem chega primeiro à recompensa. Mais, uma recompensa que também é uma arma letal: o que o Estado puder oferecer para abater os inimigos será muito bem aproveitado.

Nesse sentido, não há de ser muito surpreendente que velhos coronéis do atraso se aliem a supostos socialistas de matriz bolchevique: para uns e outros, por mais distantes que pareçam estar, o Estado se toma para fins privados (fins partidários ou fins familiares são igualmente privados). Eles podem não se entender naquilo que alegam ser seus programas estratégicos, mas se irmanam de corpo e alma quando se trata de defender a preservação desse padrão de política: aquela que vê na coisa pública um butim, um atalho para a acumulação primitiva, uma fortaleza tática.

Às vezes, os noticiários de televisão nos brindam com imagens chocantes de certos desastres rodoviários: um ônibus tombou na estrada, vários morreram e, antes que o socorro chegasse, ele foi saqueado por não se sabe quem. É assim que esses senhores veem o Estado, como um ônibus que rolou de uma ribanceira. Alguns, não contentes em pilhá-lo, ainda se aboletam por ali. Constroem sua morada dentro da carcaça metálica que se enferruja e depois chamam os parentes, que por sua vez chamam mais parentes, e fazem daquela forma de habitação o símbolo de seu poder tribal. Para os súditos desses chefes, o Estado não é o corolário de um esforço coletivo, o produto de um grande mutirão histórico, o resultado do trabalho de cada um. Ao contrário, ele veio do nada, como um cavalo dado que passa encilhado, caiu como um meteorito cheio de pedras preciosas, um presente para o enriquecimento dos mais fortes, dos mais espertos, dos mais aptos. A quem os que têm juízo obedecem.

A muitos brasileiros estarrece que alguns dos políticos que agora ganham as manchetes por obra de sua desonestidade não emitam sinais de vergonha. Eles não se abalam, não demonstram a mínima crise de consciência. Por que será? Também para isso há outras explicações, além daquelas que acusam neles uma intransponível cara dura. Essa outra explicação tem que ver com a ética que os move, que não é a ética da coisa pública. Para eles, a lealdade aos amigos é um valor que fica, sim, acima da lei - e por isso eles são venerados entre os seus. Para eles, empregar a família é um dever moral, um dever muito mais respeitável do que economizar dinheiro público. Eles não se veem como corruptos, mas como guerreiros de sua gente e, nessa nobre missão, usam o que for preciso - principalmente o Estado, é lógico. Deles não se poderia dizer que não sabem o que fazem, pois têm noção do mal que causam, mas se poderia dizer que não alcançam as consequências de longo prazo de suas práticas. São como alguém que joga lixo pela janela do carro, na rua, sem ter noção dos malefícios públicos desse gesto.

A rua em que eles atiram seu lixo é o rosto de cada um de nós.

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